@Article{信息:doi 10.2196 / / jmir。2642，作者="Allam, Ahmed and Schulz, Peter Johannes and Nakamoto, Kent"，标题="搜索引擎选择和排序标准对疫苗接种信念和态度的影响:两个操纵谷歌输出的实验"，期刊="J Med Internet Res"，年="2014"，月="Apr"，日="02"，卷="16"，数="4"，页数="e100"，关键词="消费者健康信息;搜索引擎;搜索行为;互联网;信息存储与检索;在线系统;公共卫生信息学;疫苗接种;背景:在过去的20年里，互联网已经发展成为我们日常生活中的必需品。 The selection and sorting algorithms of search engines exert tremendous influence over the global spread of information and other communication processes. Objective: This study is concerned with demonstrating the influence of selection and sorting/ranking criteria operating in search engines on users' knowledge, beliefs, and attitudes of websites about vaccination. In particular, it is to compare the effects of search engines that deliver websites emphasizing on the pro side of vaccination with those focusing on the con side and with normal Google as a control group. Method: We conducted 2 online experiments using manipulated search engines. A pilot study was to verify the existence of dangerous health literacy in connection with searching and using health information on the Internet by exploring the effect of 2 manipulated search engines that yielded either pro or con vaccination sites only, with a group receiving normal Google as control. A pre-post test design was used; participants were American marketing students enrolled in a study-abroad program in Lugano, Switzerland. The second experiment manipulated the search engine by applying different ratios of con versus pro vaccination webpages displayed in the search results. Participants were recruited from Amazon's Mechanical Turk platform where it was published as a human intelligence task (HIT). Results: Both experiments showed knowledge highest in the group offered only pro vaccination sites (Z=--2.088, P=.03; Kruskal-Wallis H test [H5]=11.30, P=.04). They acknowledged the importance/benefits (Z=--2.326, P=.02; H5=11.34, P=.04) and effectiveness (Z=--2.230, P=.03) of vaccination more, whereas groups offered antivaccination sites only showed increased concern about effects (Z=--2.582, P=.01; H5=16.88, P=.005) and harmful health outcomes (Z=--2.200, P=.02) of vaccination. Normal Google users perceived information quality to be positive despite a small effect on knowledge and a negative effect on their beliefs and attitudes toward vaccination and willingness to recommend the information ($\chi$25=14.1, P=.01). More exposure to antivaccination websites lowered participants' knowledge (J=4783.5, z=−2.142, P=.03) increased their fear of side effects (J=6496, z=2.724, P=.006), and lowered their acknowledgment of benefits (J=4805, z=--2.067, P=.03). Conclusion: The selection and sorting/ranking criteria of search engines play a vital role in online health information seeking. Search engines delivering websites containing credible and evidence-based medical information impact positively Internet users seeking health information. Whereas sites retrieved by biased search engines create some opinion change in users. These effects are apparently independent of users' site credibility and evaluation judgments. Users are affected beneficially or detrimentally but are unaware, suggesting they are not consciously perceptive of indicators that steer them toward the credible sources or away from the dangerous ones. In this sense, the online health information seeker is flying blind. ", issn="14388871", doi="10.2196/jmir.2642", url="//www.mybigtv.com/2014/4/e100/", url="https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.2642", url="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24694866" }